We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us Yeshu (Hebrew: יֵשׁוּ Yēšū) is the name of an individual or individuals mentioned in rabbinic literature, which historically has been assumed to be a reference to Jesus when used in the blogger.com name Yeshu is also used in other sources before and after the completion of the Babylonian blogger.com is also the modern Israeli spelling of Jesus History Founding to World War II. VfL Bochum is one of the oldest sports organizations in the world, claiming an origin date of 26 July when an article in the Märkischer Sprecher – a local newspaper – called for the creation of a gymnastics blogger.com Turnverein zu Bochum was then formally established on 18 February The club was banned on 28 December for political reasons
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The name Yeshu is also andreas single herford in other sources before and after the completion of the Babylonian Talmud. It is also the modern Israeli spelling of Jesus.
During the Middle Ages, Ashkenazic Jewish authorities were forced to interpret these passages in relation to the Christian beliefs about Jesus of Nazareth. As historian David Berger observed. Whatever one thinks of the number of Jesuses in antiquity, no one can question the multiplicity of Jesuses in Medieval Jewish polemic. However, andreas single herford, a probable answer is that rabbinic literature is often not literal but allegorical, thus stories can be made up to conjure a deeper meaning or a secret message that requires insider knowledge to fully understand.
InNicholas Doninwith the support of Pope Gregory IXreferred to Yeshu narratives to support his accusation that the Jewish community had attacked the virginity of Mary and the divinity of Jesus. In the Disputation of ParisYechiel of Paris conceded that one of the Yeshu stories in the Talmud referred to Jesus of Nazareth, andreas single herford, but that the other passages referred to other people. InJohn of Valladolidwith the support of the Archbishop of Toledo, made a similar accusation against the Jewish community; Moses ha-Kohen de Tordesillas argued that the Yeshu narratives referred to different people and could not have referred to Jesus of Nazareth.
There are some modern scholars who understand these passages andreas single herford be references to Christianity and the Christian figure of Jesus, [6] and others who see references to Jesus only in later rabbinic literature.
Bauckham notes that the spelling Yeshu is found on one ossuary, Rahmani 9, which supports that the name Yeshu was not invented as a andreas single herford of avoiding pronouncing the name Yeshua or Yehoshua in relation to Jesus, but that it may still be that rabbinical use of Yeshu was intended to distinguish Jesus from rabbis bearing the biblical name "Joshua," Yehoshua.
Foote and Wheeler considered that the name "Yeshu" was simply a shortened form of the name "Yehoshua" or Joshua. Earlyth-century writers such as Herfordandreas single herford, pp.
Jesus was also used for the name Hoshea in the Septuagint in one of the three places where it referred to Joshua son of Nun. The term "Yeshu" is not undisputedly attested prior to the Talmud and Tosefta, let alone as a Hebrew original for "Jesus". In the case of the Jesus of Christianity, Clement of Alexandria and St. Cyril of Jerusalem claimed that the Greek form itself was his original name and that it was not a transliteration of a Hebrew form.
Schonfield argued in a similar fashion that it andreas single herford the northern pronunciation resulting from a silent ayin. The views of these theological scholars however are contradicted by the studies of Hebrew and Aramaic philologist E. Kutscher, [15] Professor of Hebrew Philology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and andreas single herford of the Hebrew Language Academy, who noted that the although the ayin became a silent letter it is never dropped from written forms nor is its effect on andreas single herford preceding vowel lost the change of the "u" to the diphthong "ua" as would have had to occur if Yeshu were derived from Yeshua in such a manner.
Kutscher noted moreover that the guttural ayin was still pronounced in most parts of Galilee, andreas single herford. The earliest undisputed occurrences of the term Yeshu are found in five anecdotes in the Tosefta c CE and Babylonian Talmud c CE. The anecdotes appear in the Babylonian Talmud during the course of broader discussions on various religious or legal topics. The Venice edition of the Jerusalem Talmud contains the name Yeshu, but the Leiden manuscript has a name deleted, and "Yeshu" added in a marginal gloss.
Schäfer writes that due to this, Neusner treats the name as a gloss and omitted it from his translation of the Jerusalem Talmud. In the Tosefta, Chullin there are two anecdotes about the min heretic named Jacob naming his mentor Yeshu ben Pandera Yeshu son of Pandera.
The account is also mentioned in corresponding passages of the Jerusalem Talmud Avodah Zarah IV. I and Babylonian Talmud Avodah Zarah 27b The name Yeshu is not mentioned in the Hebrew manuscripts of these passages but reference to "Jeshu ben Pandira" is interpolated by Herford's in his English paraphrasing of the Jerusalem Talmud text.
Similarly the Rodkinson translation of the Babylonian Talmud account interpolates "with the name of Jesus". The surname ben Pandera is not found in the Talmud account. Rodkinson's translation drawing on the Tosefta account paraphrases the reference to Yeshu having taught Jacob by "so taught Jeshu b. Panthyra", in this case not translating "Yeshu" as "Jesus". The name is found again in the Midrashic text Kohelet Rabba where a healer of the grandson of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi is described as being of ben Pandera, andreas single herford.
The source of this account is Shabbat and Avodah Zarah 40 in the Jerusalem Talmud, but there ben Pandera is not mentioned. The word Yeshu is however found as a secondary marginal gloss to the first passage in the Leiden manuscript which together with the Midrashic version show that the account was understood to be about a follower of Yeshu ben Pandera, andreas single herford.
Herford again takes liberty and adds "in the name of Jeshu Pandera" to his translation of the Talmud passages despite these words not being in the original text, andreas single herford. Schäfer similarly provides a paraphrased translation mentioning "Jesus son of Pandera" which he admittedly has constructed himself by combining the Talmudic and Midrashic texts and the marginal glosses.
Jeffrey Rubenstein has argued that the accounts in Chullin and Avodah Zarah reveal an ambivalent relationship between rabbis and Christianity. In his view the tosefta account reveals that at least some Jews believed Christians were true healers, but that the rabbis saw this belief as a major threat. Concerning the Babylonian Talmud account in Avoda ZarahDr. Boyarin views Jacob of Sechania as a Christian preacher and understands Rabbi Eliezer's arrest for minuth as an arrest by the Romans for practising Christianity the text uses the word for heretic.
When the Governor the text uses the word for chief judge interrogated him, the rabbi answered that he "trusted the judge. Although Rabbi Eliezer was referring to God, the Governor interpreted him to be referring to the Governor himself, and freed the rabbi.
According to them the account also reveals that there was greater contact andreas single herford Christians and Jews in the 2nd century than commonly believed. They view the account of the teaching of Yeshu as an attempt to mock Christianity. According to Dr. Rubenstein, the structure of this teaching, in which a biblical prooftext is used to answer a question about Biblical law, is common to both the rabbis and early Christians.
The vulgar content, however, may have been used to parody Christian values. Boyarin considers the text to be an acknowledgment that rabbis often interacted with Christians, despite their doctrinal antipathy. A medieval account of Jesus, in which Jesus is described as being the son of Joseph, the son of Pandera see translation of the 15th-century Yemenite manuscript: Toledot Yeshuandreas single herford, gives a contemporary view of Jesus and where he is portrayed as an impostor.
The meaning and etymology of this name are uncertain. Besides the form Pandera, variations have been found in different Tosefta manuscripts for example Andreas single herford and Pantera. Some authors such as Herford spell it Pandira in English. Celsus in his discourse The True Word gives the name as Panthera in Greek. An alternative claim was made in the Teaching of Jacob CE where Panther is said to be the grandfather of Mary. He noted that Hebrew would have represented the sounds correctly if any of these were the origin.
Neubauer understand the name to be Pandareus. Robert Eisler [30] considered the name to be derived from Pandaros. He also argued that it may not have been a real name but instead as a generic name for a betrayer. He notes andreas single herford in the IliadPandaros betrays the Greeks and breaks a truce confirmed by solemn oath.
He argues that the name came to be used as a generic term for a betrayer and was borrowed by Hebrew. The name is indeed found in Genesis Rabba 50 in the expression qol Pandar literally "voice of Pandaros" denoting false promises of a betrayer used as a andreas single herford placeholder name for a judge of Sodom. The -a at the end of the form Pandera can be understood to be the Aramaic definite article. Andreas single herford the surviving pre-censorship Talmud manuscripts, Yeshu is sometimes followed by the epithet Ha-Notzri.
Travers HerfordJoseph Klausner and others translated it as "the Nazarene. Klausner noted objections by other scholars on grammatical and phonetic grounds to the translation of Notzri as "Nazarene" meaning a person from Nazareth Hebrew Natzrat[31] [ page needed ] however the etymology of "Nazarene" is itself uncertain and one possibility is that it is derived from Notzri and did not mean a person from Nazareth.
In CE Maimonides in his Mishneh TorahHilchos Melachim briefly discusses Jesus in a passage later censored by the Church. He uses the name Yeshua for Jesus an attested equivalent of the name unlike Yeshu and follows it with HaNotzri showing that regardless of what meaning had been intended in the Talmudic occurrences of this term, Maimonides understood it as an equivalent of Nazarene.
Late additions to the Josippon also refer to Jesus as Yeshua HaNotzri but not Yeshu HaNotzri. Sanhedrin 43a relates the trial and execution of Yeshu and his five disciples. Here, Yeshu is a sorcerer who has enticed other Jews to apostasy. A herald is sent to andreas single herford for witnesses in his favour for forty days before his execution.
No one comes forth and in the end he is stoned and hanged on the eve of Passover. His five disciples, named Matai, Nekai, Netzer, andreas single herford, Buni, and Todah, are then tried, andreas single herford. Word play is made on each of their names, and they are executed. It is mentioned that excessive leniency was applied because of Yeshu's influence with the royal government malkhut, andreas single herford.
In the Florence manuscript of the Talmud CE an addition is made to Sanhedrin 43a saying that Yeshu was hanged on the eve of the Sabbath. In Gittin 56b, 57a a story is mentioned in which Onkelos summons up the spirit of a Yeshu who sought to harm Israel. He describes his punishment in the afterlife as boiling in excrement. Interestingly, the text itself never actually names the individual Onkelos summons, instead, andreas single herford, an added footnote identifies the tormented spirit as Yeshu.
Sanhedrin a and Berachot 17b talk about a Yeshu who burns his food in public, possibly a reference to pagan sacrifices. The account is discussing Manasseh the king of Judah infamous for having turned to idolatry and having persecuted the Jews 2 Kings It is part of a larger discussion about three kings and four commoners excluded from paradise.
These are also discussed in the Shulkhan Arukh where the son who burns his food is explicitly stated to be Manasseh. In Sanhedrin b and Sotah 47a a Yeshu is mentioned as a student of Joshua ben Perachiah who was sent away for misinterpreting a word that in context should have been understood as referring to the inn, he instead understood it to mean the innkeeper's wife, andreas single herford.
His teacher said "Here is a nice inn", to which he replied "Her eyes are crooked", to which his teacher responded "Is this what your are occupied in?
The incident is also mentioned in the Jerusalem Talmud in Chagigah but there the person in question is not given any name. After several returns for forgiveness he mistook Perachiah's signal to wait a moment as a signal of final rejection, and so he turned to idolatry described by the euphemism "worshipping a brick".
The story ends by invoking a Mishnaic era teaching that Yeshu practised black magic, andreas single herford, deceived and led Israel astray, andreas single herford. This quote is seen by some as an explanation andreas single herford general for the designation Yeshu.
Rubenstein, the account in Sanhedrin b recognizes the kinship between Christians and Jews, since Jesus is presented as a disciple of a prominent rabbi. But it also reflects and speaks to an anxiety fundamental to Rabbinic Judaism. Prior to the destruction of the Temple in 70, andreas single herford, Jews were divided into different sects, each promoting different andreas single herford of the law.
Rabbinic Judaism domesticated and internalized conflicts over the law, while vigorously condemning any sectarianism. In other words, rabbis are encouraged to disagree and argue with one another, but these activities must be carefully contained, or else they could lead to a schism. Although this story may not present a historically accurate account of Jesus' life, it does use a fiction about Jesus to communicate an important truth about the rabbis. Moreover, Rubenstein sees this story as a rebuke to overly harsh rabbis.
Boyarin suggests that the rabbis were well aware of Christian views of the Pharisees and that this story acknowledges the Christian belief that Jesus was forgiving and the Pharisees were not see Markwhile emphasizing forgiveness as a necessary rabbinic andreas single herford. Another title found in the Tosefta and Talmud is ben Stada son of Stada.
History Founding to World War II. VfL Bochum is one of the oldest sports organizations in the world, claiming an origin date of 26 July when an article in the Märkischer Sprecher – a local newspaper – called for the creation of a gymnastics blogger.com Turnverein zu Bochum was then formally established on 18 February The club was banned on 28 December for political reasons We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us Yeshu (Hebrew: יֵשׁוּ Yēšū) is the name of an individual or individuals mentioned in rabbinic literature, which historically has been assumed to be a reference to Jesus when used in the blogger.com name Yeshu is also used in other sources before and after the completion of the Babylonian blogger.com is also the modern Israeli spelling of Jesus
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